Ownership

Public Service Broadcasting

Before 1920's there was no media available in the UK, in 1922 the BBC was formed made up of Radio Equipment Managers. The first general manager was appointed his name was John Reith also at this time the BBC because of laws and legislation. The first daily broadcast was in 1922 aswell  Then in 1936 the BBC then set up a television station know as BBC One now The BBC did not want to be a commercial broadcaster like in america because they believed it to be taking advantage of the audience and was mindless entertainment. John Reith wanted the BBC to be more of an educational and Informative channel rather than an entertainment channel he said that broadcasting should 'Educate, inform and entertain and should lead public taste, not pander to it.' they also didn't want to be government funded because they would be accused of being a mouthpiece of the government and show propaganda. the decision to fund the BBC by license fee was made this meant that to watch or listen to anything from the BBC you had to pay a license fee which would go to the treasury then to the BBC this meant that it had no ties with the government.

Commercial Broadcasting 

The first Commercial broadcaster to be introduced to the UK was ITV which was introduced in 1954 the main difference between Commercial and Public Service Broadcasting is the way they use the audience in commercial broadcasting the audience is the product they sell their audience to advertising their programs are  mainly game shows which get the most interest and viewers which will make the companies more money. the only problem was that the ITV was made to follow PSB principles which meant that they had to show at least some education shows, documentaries and religious this lead to the ITV not being as Successful as other Commercial Broadcasters in the US because of these principles not hooking the interest of wide audience that game shows and other thoughtless entertainment does.

Corporate Ownership

Corporate ownership is when an individual separate themselves from the business, this makes the business like a separate entity and becomes independent and minimizes the liability of losses to the individuals who set up this business. this means that the shareholders own the business rather than the individual. an example of this would be the news coperation.

Private Ownership

Private ownership is a business or company that is seperate from the government bodies, unlike Corporatly owned business if the company falls the owner will have to have liabilty and will have to pay for the companies downfall.

Global Companies

Six companies own the majority of the worlds media, these conglomerates are;

Viacom, their total assets is 22.96 billions dollars and they own televisions like MTV and Nickelodeon.

News Corporation, their total assets is 54.384 billion dollars and they own studios like 20th Century Fox

TimeWarner, their total assets is 66.524 Billion dollars and they own companies such as HBO and WarnerBrothers 

WaltDisney, their total assets is 69.206 Billion dollars and they own several studios and records Hollywood Records they also own Marvel.

Sony, their total assets is 137.7 billion dollars and they own things such as TriStar Pictures and Triumph Films.

NBC Universal, their total assets is 751.216 billion dollars and they own things such as NBC and SyFy.

Vertical Integration

In the film industry there are the three different sectors these are:

Production

Distribution

Exhibition

The production company is the company that made and produced the media text, the distribution companies then buy the product to distribute to stores and Exhibition Chains (Cinemas) the distributors earn more money than the production companies by selling the copies of the text to the cinemas. the cinemas then screen the movie and get money from the viewers (us) this is earns even more money than the Distributors. to minimize this difference in money some companies will have several things in different sectors of the media for example 20th Century Fox has distribution services like FOX Searchlight and FOX had some Cinema chains.

Horizontal

Horizontal Integration is when companies buying out other companies in the same sector another way to accomplish Horizontal Integration is to take audience from other companies a good example of this is news papers who constantly sell their news papers for 10p Only! this makes the audience from the other newspapers buy their newspaper because it cheaper.

Monopoly

As i mentioned before a monopoly is when an company owns everything in a single sector of the media and example of this would have been the BBC when there was no other companies around but now this is illegal and very hard to accomplish because or several laws.

Sources of funding for the UK film and television industries

Licence fees

Licence fees are required to own or operate your television or radio, the television license funds public broadcasting allowing them to broadcast without or with supplementary funding from advertisement or government grants. the licence fee pays for the BBC.

One off payments 

One off payments are when and individual makes a purchase from a store or online, for example a DVD.

Subscription

A subscription is when an individual pays per month/year for television services, internet or movies an example of these is Sky or a movie streaming service like Netflix  

Pay per view 

Pay per view is when an individual pays for a one off service like a movie, and example of this would be Sky Box Office 

Advertising 

Advertising is when a TV channel or website get paid to show a companies product, service or movie during breaks an example is on television, websites or internet videos like YouTube.

Sponsorship

Sponsorship is when a company funds the production of a program. an example of this is 

Product placement 

Product placement is any reference to a product, service or a trademark so that it is a feature in a programme or movie, an example of this is in the james bond movies he always rides an aston martin this is because of product placement.

Private Capital

Private capital is when an individual invest in a project, an example of someone who does private capital funding is Megan Ellison.

Financial aid

Financial aid is when organisations offer support and help to individuals or a small production an example is the BFI

Crowd Funding

crowd funding is when there is a collection of individuals who network and pool their money to support the production. An example would on the internet, like a forum.